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1951-1965
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1951 to 1965
This page of the timeline covers -
1951
1.5 million television sets in US
Cinerama
US Defence Department establishes ASTIA
Suzanne Briet's Qu'est-ce que la documentation?
Wang Laboratories founded
Geophysical Service Inc becomes Texas Instruments
Manchester Mark 1 computer in UK
Perry & Casey's Punched Cards: Their Application
to Science & Industry
'brainwashing' coined
merger of Bank of Australasia with Union Bank of Australia
to form ANZ Bank
still cameras get built-in flash units
Arrow's Social Choice & Individual Values
coaxial cable reaches coast to coast in the US
Australian Financial Review founded
Treaty of Paris establishes European Coal & Steel
Community
1952
Bing Crosby's company tests magnetic tape video recording
Nixdorf Computer
founded
Berle's The Developing Law of Corporate Concentration
Turing's chess-playing program
Deniker's report on Chlorpromazine
US government sues IBM for monopolizing punched-card machine
industry
US National Science Foundation establishes Office of Scientific
Information (OSI)
Institute of Scientific Information established by Soviet
Academy of Sciences
Sony
produces first transistor radios
Univac projects the winner of the presidential election
on CBS
Zenith proposes pay-TV system using punched cards
John Diebold's Automation, the advent of the automatic
factory
MIT Symposium on Machine Techniques for Information Selection
1953
first issue of TV
Guide
IBM 701 is first IBM electronic digital computer
Fairfax
grabs Associated Newspapers
United States v Reynolds
Commonwealth entertainment tax abolished
National Cash Register enters computer market through
purchase of Computer Research Corporation
1954
Village
(later Village Roadshow) media group founded
FORTRAN created by John Backus
IBM markets 650 computer, using drum storage
UNIVAC I becomes commercially available
USSR launches Sputnik
Eastman Kodak announces Minicard System
Commodore founded
regular colour TV broadcasts begin in the US
TV ad revenue exceeds radio revenue in US for first time
Robert Borkenstein patents breathalyser
first demonstration of computer-based searching of bibliographic
file on regular basis
1955
NBC president
David Sarnoff says "Television will never be a medium
of entertainment"
Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation [UK]
Disneyland
opened
Remington-Rand & Sperry Gyroscope merge as Sperry-Rand
Theodore Gary and Associated Telephone Utilities merge
as General Telephone Corp. later GTE
Kubie & Sheldon found Computer Usage Corporation (CUC)
William Shockley founds Shockley Semiconductor
rebranding sees start of Marlboro Man campaign
first fluoride toothpaste, Crest
music recorded on tape in stereo
1956
television broadcasting in Australia
Interstate Highway Act in US
first transatlantic telephone cable
television in 71% of US households
est. 59m phones in US
Khrushchev denounces Stalin at 20th Congress of the CPSU
first hard disk drive at IBM
3,200 MBA degrees awarded in the US
launch of Australian National Bibliographic Centre
IBM settles punch card dispute through DOJ consent decree
Australia's SILLIAC and UTECOM computers go live
Ampex builds practical videotape recorder
first use of "Elvis has left the building"
Bell Labs tests picture phone
first transatlantic telephone calls by cable
term 'artificial intelligence' devised
Burroughs Adding Machine Company enters computer market
through purchase of Electrodata
Bill Fair and Earl Isaac found Fair
Isaac
Friedman's Restatement of the Quantity Theory
Rank-Xerox
established
National Bank of Australasia buys Ballarat Banking Company
1957
Treaty of Rome establishes European Economic Community
Control Data Corporation (CDC) formed
Digital Equipment (DEC) formed
Fairchild Semiconductor formed by Kleiner, Noyce, Moore,
Blank, Grinich, Hoerni, Last and Roberts
Soviet Union's Sputnik sends signals from space
first Japanese car sold in US
FORTRAN becomes first high-level computer language
UNIVAC II marketed
Sony TR63 is first pocket transistor radio
surgical operation is televised
Vance Packard's The Hidden Persuaders
Chomsky's Syntactic Structures
Datamation launched
first book to be entirely phototypeset is offset printed
RAND establishes SDC
Ferranti sells radio and television operations to Ekco
1958
US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) founded
NAACP v. Alabama ex. Rel. Patterson [US]
US National Federation of Science Abstracting & Indexing
Services founded
first chess game between computer and human
Minsky founds AI Lab at MIT
Great Leap Forward in China results in death of 20 million
people
IBM's Robert Bemer introduces backslash character
first cardiac pacemaker implanted
Warner Bros records formed
UNIMATE is first industrial robot
colour videotape recording
Young's The Rise of the Meritocracy
2.5 million television sets in USSR
Italian telephone companies consolidated in STET group
laser invented at Bell Labs
integrated circuit
cable carries FM radio stations
Galbraith's The Affluent Society
Bank of America launches first US credit card
AMP adopts IBM 650
AT&T markets first modems
BA publishes first computerized subject index
International Computers & Tabulators Ltd (ICT) formed
in UK through merger of Powas-Samas and BTM
1959
local ads go on cable TV in the US
Chappell & Co Ltd v The Nestlé Co Ltd
[UK]
General Telephone merges with Sylvania Electric Products
Haloid Company (Xerox) first automatic paper copier
"A Mars a day helps you work, rest and play"
French SECAM and German PAL television systems
Tisch brothers buy Loews
cinema chain from MGM
first packaged program sold by Computer Science Corporation
DEC develops first minicomputer, PDP 1
Antarctic Treaty
Carrefour founded by Marcel Fournier and Louis Defforey
National Semiconductor formed
Applied Data Research (ADR) founded
Feynman articulates concept of nanotechnology
Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) founded
The Manchurian Candidate
1960
computer industry has first billion dollar year
Fisher v Bell [UK]
UN Declaration on the Granting of Independence to
Colonial Countries & Peoples
IBM markets 1401 computer
R v Penguin Books Ltd [UK]
Rostow's The Stages of Economic Growth
UNIVAC III marketed
Levitt's Marketing Myopia
6,000 computers in operation in US
Coles buys Matthews Thompson grocery chain
Clynes & Kline invent term 'cyborg'
Macdonald's Masscult and Midcult
first demonstration of machine searching of full text
information
Echo I, US balloon in orbit, reflects radio signals to
Earth
McGregor's The Human Side of Enterprise
Zenith tests subscription TV in the US
Murdoch buys Sydney Daily Mirror
launch of Australian National Bibliography (ANB)
one lawyer for every 307 people in US
Santillana de Ediciones founded
1961
Haloid Xerox becomes Xerox Corporation
Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock & Engineering
Co [UK]
GEC buys Radio & Allied Industries (RAI), sells computer
interests to ICT
Myer buys Farmer's group
black box flight recorder invented
first electronic game - Spacewars - from MIT
US boxing match test shows potential of pay-TV
FCC approves FM stereo broadcasting
Kleinrock's Information Flow in Large Communications
Nets packet switching paper
American Standards Association publishes first US accessibility
standard
patents registered by USPTO reach 3 million mark
IBM introduces 'golf ball' typewriter
time-sharing computer developed
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development
founded
Amnesty International founded
Jane Jacobs' The Death and Life of Great American
Cities
supposed alien abduction of Betty Hill
1962
MEDLARS online bibliographical database
minicomputer
Ross Perot founds Electronic Data Systems EDS
Advanced Computer Techniques (ACT) founded
California Analysis Centers, Inc (CACI) founded
Informatics, Inc founded
Olivetti acquires 95% of Olivetti-Bull
ICT buys EMI's computer interests
Harvard Business School allows women MBA students
Telstar satellite transmits TV image across Atlantic
Western Union offers Telex for international teleprinting
first Visa credit card
McLuhan's The Gutenberg Galaxy
Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Machlup's Production and Distribution of Knowledge
in the US
Carson's Silent Spring
Xerox acquires University Microfilms
8.5 phones per 100 Italians
1963
audio tape cassette
Hedley Byrne & Co v Heller & Partners
[UK]
Hofstadter's Anti-Intellectualism in American Life
SRI establishes data link with SDC
Ridge v Baldwin [UK]
Boston Consulting Group formed
Applied Data Systems (later ADPAC) founded
Management Science America, Inc. (MSA) founded
English Electric Leo formed through merger of English
Electric computer operations with Leo Computers
ICT buys Ferranti's computer interests
first Canada-New Zealand telephone cable
MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis & Retrieval System)
launched
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
introduced
Zip codes started in US
Minsky's Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence
CBS and NBC TV newscasts expand to 30 minutes in colour
Polaroid instant colour photographs
communications satellite is placed in geo-synchronous
orbit
est 81 million phones in US; world total est 159.2 million
OECD Model Income Tax Convention becomes foundation of
contemporary global tax agreements
Betty
Friedan's The Feminine Mystique
1964
Dr Strangelove
Murdoch starts The Australian
Baran's On Distributed Communications Networks
paper
Moore's Law about processing power
IBM markets system 360 computer
Informatics Inc buys Advanced Information Systems (AIS)
from Hughes
Manifesto of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Triple Revolution
English Electric Leo merges with Marconi computer operationss
Kemeny invents BASIC
Olympic Games in Tokyo telecast live globally by satellite
Touch Tone telephones and Picturephone service
first domestic videotape recorder
Intelsat established
Oz censorship trial in Australia
Englebart develops the mouse
Data Corporation (becomes Lexis Corporation) established
General Electric buys Bull
1965
cigarette ads banned on UK television
Schlatter discovers aspartame
Volkswagen buys Audi
ITT Corporation buys Avis for US$51m
Simon predicts "machines will be capable of doing any
work a man can do" by 1985
Penthouse founded
Intelsat I (Early Bird satellite)
Ted Nelson coins the term 'hypertext'
Licklider's Libraries of the Future
McLuhan's Understanding Media
Kodak offers Super 8 film for home movies
Griswold v Connecticut identifies latent right
of sexual privacy within US Constitution
cartridge audio tapes
Computer Corporation of America (CCA) founded
Hofstadter's The Paranoid Style in American Politics
Tymshare founded
Keane, Inc software founded
Commonwealth Trade Practices Act 1965 in Australia
Nader's Unsafe At Any Speed
next page
(1966-1976)
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