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treaties, conventions and courts
This
page highlights international human rights conventions and
regional/bilateral treaties.
It is under development and currently covers -
introduction
[under development]
key statements and instruments
The major UN statements and covenants have been supplemented
by specialised instruments that seek to address gaps in international
human rights law (notably the vulnerability of certain populations
to human rights abuses) and to establish permanent mechanisms
for more effective monitoring of violations.
They include -
Charter
of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court
of Justice, 1945
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR),
1948
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (CERD), 1965
International Convention on the Elimination of Racial
Discrimination, 1966
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
(ICCPR),
1966
International Covenant on Economic, Social & Cultural
Rights (ICESCR),
1966
Convention concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment
and Occupation (CDEO)
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW), 1979
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman
or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT),
1984
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CROC or
UNCROC), 1989
and
International Labour Organization (ILO) Conventions -
Rights of Association (Agriculture) (ILO Convention
11)
Forced Labour (ILO Convention 29)
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise
(ILO Convention 87)
Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining (ILO Convention
98)
Equal Remuneration (ILO Convention 100)
Abolition of Forced Labour (ILO Convention 105)
Discrimination (Employment & Occupation) (ILO Convention
111)
Worker's Representatives Convention (ILO Convention
135)
Convention Concerning Indigenous & Tribal Peoples in
Independent Countries
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant
Workers.
Regional
agreements include -
1978
American Convention on Human Rights
Banjul Charter on Human & Peoples' Rights, adopted
by the Organisation of African Unity in 1981 and in effect
from 1986
Inter-American Convention to Prevent & Punish Torture,
adopted by the Organisation of American States in 1985 and
supplemented in 1988 through an Additional Protocol
on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights
1987 European Convention for the Prevention of Torture
& Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and Punishment
(CPT)
CIS Convention on Human Rights & Fundamental Freedoms,
adopted by the Commonwealth of Independent States in 1995
They
are supplemented by specialist agreements, with an administrative
orientation, such as the 1904 International Agreement
for the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic and 1921
International Convention for the Suppression of Traffic
in Women and Children.
Conventions regarding the conduct of war are highlighted in
the following page of this profile, along with agreements
regarding genocide and other crimes against humanity.
Australia
Australia is a party to the following major international
human rights instruments, some with reservations -
International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 1966
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights (ICESCR), 1966
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(CERD), 1965
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW), 1979
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CROC), 1989
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and
Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), 1984
and
to the following ILO conventions -
Rights of Association (Agriculture)
Forced Labour
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise
Right to Organise & Collective Bargaining
Equal Remuneration
Abolition of Forced Labour
Discrimination (Employment & Occupation)
Worker's Representatives Convention
courts
Australian courts are highlighted here.
studies
Anthony Aust's lucid Handbook of International Law
(Cambridge: Cambridge Uni Press 2005) offers a base for orientation;
other introductions are highlighted in preceding pages of
this profile.
For the ICCPR and UDHR see in particular The International
Bill of Rights: the Covenant on Civil & Political Rights
(New York: Columbia Uni Press 1981) edited by Louis Henkin,
Making Sense of Human Rights (Berkeley: Uni of California
Press 1987) by James Nickel and The Universal Declaration
of Human Rights: Origins, Drafting & Intent (Philadelphia:
Uni of Pennsylvania Press 1998) by Johannes Morsink.
For the UN Convention Relating To The Status of Refugees see
in particular The Refugee Convention at Fifty: A View
From Forced Migration Studies (New York: Lexington 2003)
edited by Joanne van Selm & Khoti Kamanga. We have highlighted
other studies here.
For CAT see Herman Burgers & Hans Danelius' United
Nations Convention Against Torture: A Handbook on the Convention
Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment
or Punishment (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff 1988), supplemented
by Edward Peters' Torture (Philadelphia: Uni of Pennsylvania
Press 1996) and Preventing Torture: A Study of the European
Convention for the Prevention of Torture & Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment of Punishment (Oxford: Oxford Uni
Press 2001) by Malcolm Evans & Rod Morgan.
For the ICC see William Schabas's An Introduction to the
International Criminal Court (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni
Press 2004). Howard Meyer's The World Court in Action:
Judging among the Nations (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield
2002) offers an introduction to the court.
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