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Discrimination
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landmarks in human rights development
This chronology covers human rights developments - in particular
those concerning anti-discrimination in Australia and New
Zealand. It is indicative only.
It covers -
Context
is provided by the broader Timeline
on this site and by more detailed chronologies on privacy,
censorship, Australian
discrimination law
and intellectual property.
classical (273)
273? Porphyry's De abstinentia
1215 Magna Carta
early modern (1625)
1625 Grotius' De Jure Belli ac Pacis
1631 Spee's Cautio Criminalis
1641 Grand Remonstrance in England
1689 Locke's Letter Concerning Toleration
1689 'Bill of Rights' in England
1749 Luzac's
Essay on the Freedom of Expression
1764 Beccaria's On Crimes & Punishment
1776 US Bill of Rights
1781 Bentham's An Introduction to the Principles of Morals
& Legislation
1787 Bahrdt's On Freedom of the Press and Its Limits
1789 French Declaration of the Rights of Man
1840 Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand
1824 Gompertz's Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man
and Of Brutes
1840 New South Wales Continuance Act separates New
Zealand from New South Wales colony
1852 New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 (UK) establishes
"representative" Government
1859 Mill's On Liberty
1868 St Petersburg Declaration
1892 Salt's Animals' Rights
1893 women in New Zealand are given the vote
1896 women in South Australia gain the vote
1898 International Anti-Anarchist Conference
1899 International Convention with Respect to the Law &
Customs of War by Land
1901 Commonwealth Constitution specifies that the Commonwealth
would legislate for any race in Australia except Aborigines,
with states retaining power over Aboriginal Affairs
1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act extends vote to women
in national elections and referenda
Hague Conventions (1907)
1907 Hague Convention Respecting the Laws & Customs of
War on Land
1919 International Labour Organization established
1920 Australia joins League of Nations
1927 Royal Commission on the Constitution in Australia
1927 International Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade
& Slavery ratified by Australia and New Zealand
1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact against aggressive war
1933 Montevideo Convention on Rights & Duties of States
1944 rejection of Commonwealth referendum on constitutional
guarantees of freedom of speech and religion
1944 Raphael Lemkin coins term 'genocide'
1947 Saskatchewan Bill of Rights
UDHR (1948)
1948 UN General Assembly adopts Universal Declaration of
Human Rights
1948 ILO Convention on the Freedom of Association and
Protection of the Right to Organize
1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide
1948 Commonwealth Citizenship & Nationality Act
extends "Australian Citizenship" to all Australians, inc Indigenous
people
1949 Commonwealth Electoral Act extends franchise
to Indigenous ex-servicemen
1949 Australia ratifies Genocide Convention
1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights
& Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR)
1958 New Zealand ratifies Convention on the Nationality
of Married Women
1959 establishment of European Court of Human Rights
1959 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
1960 UN Declaration on the Granting of Independence to
Colonial Countries and Peoples
1961 European Social Charter
1961 Amnesty International established
1961 Australia ratifies Convention on the Nationality
of Married Women
1962 Commonwealth Electoral Act amended to give franchise
to all Indigenous people
1962 New Zealand Ombudsmen Act establishes Office
of the Ombudsmen
ICCPR (1966)
1966 International Covenant on Civil & Political Rights
(ICCPR)
1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social &
Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
1966 South Australian Prohibition of Discrimination Act
1966
1967 Commonwealth referendum ends constitutional discrimination
against Indigenous people, with coverage in census and shared
Commonwealth-state responsibility
1970 UN Declaration on Principles of International Law
Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States
(Friendly Relations Declaration)
1971 New Zealand Race Relations Act establishes Office
of the Race Relations Conciliator
1971 Griggs v Duke Power Co 401 US 424 (1971)
Whitlam era (1972)
1972 Australia signs International Covenant on Civil &
Political Rights (ICCPR)
1972 New Zealand ratifies International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
1973 UN International Convention on Suppression and Punishment
of the Crime of Apartheid
1973 International Labour Organisation Convention (ILO)
No. 111 Discrimination (Employment & Occupation)
1973 Human Rights Bill introduced in Senate but
lapses with 1974 Double Dissolution
1975 Commonwealth Family Law Act 1975
1975 Commonwealth Racial Discrimination Act 1975
1975 Australia ratifies International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
1975 Waitangi Tribunal established
1977 NSW Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW)
1977 New Zealand Human Rights Commission Act
1978 American Convention on Human Rights
1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW)
1981 Commonwealth Human Rights Commission established by Human
Rights Commission Act 1981 (Cth)
1981 OAU adopts Banjul Charter on Human & Peoples'
Rights
1982 New Zealand Official Information Act
1982 Commonwealth Freedom of Information Act 1982
1983 Australia ratifies International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW)
CAT and EEO (1984)
1984 UN Convention against Torture & Other Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT)
1984 Commonwealth Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth)
1984 Victorian Equal Opportunity Act 1984
1984 Western Australian Equal Opportunity Act 1984
1984 SA Equal Opportunity Act 1984
1985 Inter-American Convention to Prevent & Punish
Torture
1986 Australian Human Rights Bill passed by federal
House of Representatives but abandoned after Senate opposition
1986 New Zealand Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986
1986
Commonwealth Affirmative Action (Equal Opportunity for
Women) Act 1986
1986 Commonwealth Human Rights & Equal Opportunity
Commission Act 1986
1987 Equal Employment Opportunity (Commonwealth Authorities)
Act 1987
1987 European Convention for the Prevention of Torture
& Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and Punishment (CPT)
Privacy and CROC (1988)
1988 Commonwealth Privacy Act 1988
1989 NSW Anti-Discrimination (Racial Vilification) Amendment
Act 1989
1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CROC)
1989 Australia ratifies CAT
1990 Australia ratifies Convention on the Rights of the
Child
1990 Australia accedes to Second Optional Protocol to ICCPR
re abolition of death penalty
1990 Bill of Rights Act 1990 in New Zealand
1991 first complaint under ICCPR by Nick Toonen alleging Tasmanian
Criminal Code violates right to privacy
1991 United Nations Draft Declaration of the Rights of
the World's Indigenous Peoples
1991 Queensland Anti-Discrimination Act 1991
1991 ACT Discrimination Act 1991
1992 Commonwealth Disability Discrimination Act 1992
1992 Northern Territory Anti-Discrimination Act 1992
1992 New Zealand Privacy Act establishes Office of
the Privacy Commissioner
1992 Tasmanian Disability Services Act 1992
1992 Australian High Court in Mabo Case rejects doctrine of
terra nullius
1993 NSW Disability Services Act 1993
1993 New Zealand Human Rights Act 1993
1993 UN Human Rights Committee agrees with Toonen
1993 NSW Anti-Discrimination (Homosexual Vilification)
Amendment Act 1993
1993 UN creates International Criminal Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia
1993 first UN High Commissioner for Human Rights appointed
1993 Commonwealth Native Title Act 1993
1994 Commonwealth Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994
1994 NT Anti-Discrimination Act 1994
1994 Tasmanian Sex Discrimination Act 1994
1994 New Zealand Health & Disability Commissioner
Act
1994 UN creates International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
1995 Commonwealth Racial Hatred Act 1995 amends Racial
Discrimination Act to cover racial vilification
1995 CIS Convention on Human Rights & Fundamental
Freedoms
1995 Teoh Case in High Court of Australia
1995 Kadic v Karadzic case in US
1996 NSW Transgender (Anti-Discrimination & Other Acts
Amendment) Act 1996
1997 Senate Legal & Constitutional Committee Inquiry into
Sexuality Discrimination
1997 Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights &
Biomedicine
1997 Croome v Tasmania decision by High Court
1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
1998 Augusto Pinochet arrested in London for extradition to
Spain over crimes against humanity as head of state in Chile
1999 Slobodan Milosevic indicted by the International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
SOCOG and HRAA (2000)
2000 SOCOG fined after ignoring adverse ruling by Human Rights
& Equal Opportunity Commission in Maguire v SOCOG
2001 Human Rights Amendment Act 2001 in New Zealand
extends coverage of Human Rights legislation
2003 Purvis v New South Wales decision in High Court
2004 Kelly-Country v Beers vilification case in Federal
Magistrates Court
2004 federal Age Discrimination Act 2004
2004 ACT Human Rights Act 2004
2006 UK Gender Recognition Act
HRC (2006)
2006 UN Human Rights Council replaces Geneva-based Commission
on Human Rights
2006 UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
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Ketupa